I take a heteroglossic view of language, that is, I consider any utterance as consisting of various social languages and voices, and as always referring to previous utterances as well as anticipating future ones. Following Bakhtinian thought, the integrational linguistics programme (R. Harris) and Critical Applied Linguistics (A. Pennycook), I see language as an abstraction of spatio-temporally unique communication events that are always inseparable from social context and ideology. I'm interested in language issues that arise from such a conception of language, for instance, phenomena of discourse and translation, always aiming to have a strong basis in critical theory, specifically social constructionist, feminist and post-structuralist approaches to power and ideology. I study language as a subversive and transformational practice to challenge established power relations. Languages and nations came into existence at the same time, reinforcing each other as imagined communities (Andersen), so the existence of nations, languages and linguistic communities as constructed, idealised concepts should be present in any linguistic analysis. I thus see language, or languaging, its use, learning and teaching, as a culturally productive activity, creating and not just reflecting social reality. The study of language I'm most interested in is thus driven by three main motives: First, it has a strong critical element, the desire to use research to achieve a change in society. Second, it is also empirical, drawing on corpora, though not limiting itself to corpus linguistics and its focus on method, but rather using corpora as a means to an end. And third, it must include a strong interdisciplinary aspect, seeing language as fundamentally related to disciplines such as sociology, anthropology, psychology and others.
Mario Bisiada, PhD
I'm an Associate Professor and Serra Hunter Fellow in Applied Linguistics and Translation Studies at the Department of Translation and Language Sciences at the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona. My research interests are cross-linguistic and contrastive phenomena of language, discourse and translation.
I received my PhD for a corpus-based study of translation as a site of language contact, investigating whether translations from English influence language change in German. I have gone on to publish a range of articles on the linguistic influence of editors on the translated text, where I argue for a greater awareness of mediation stages in corpus studies of translated language. I've edited a volume entitled Empirical Studies in Translation and Discourse and my recent research deals with cross-linguistic corpus-assisted discourse studies of how current societal issues are constructed and framed through metaphors and hashtags in German, English, Spanish and Catalan. I'm working on a project on the framing of migration and in my most recent publications I analyse how metaphors and hashtags are used to establish and maintain power relations in discourse across languages. Read here my general approach to language study.
See below for my research interests, publications and work I supervise. To contact me, please use the buttons in the menu on the right.
About me
Research
My approach to language and languaging
Cross-linguistic studies of power relations in discourse
Cross-linguistic corpus-assisted discourse studies is a growing field of research, especially due to the increasing importance of social media for politics and society and the availability of social media corpora. I'm interested in how political and social issues are constructed, driven and represented through linguistic devices such as hashtags and metaphors and how these practices work to establish and maintain power relations in society. Economic issues are often referred to using metaphors from the domain of education, for instance, “doing homework”, “model pupil” and “learning lessons”.
In a corpus-assisted study of German and English newspapers, published in Discourse & Society, I argue that the expression is a structural metaphor and an understatement, presenting complex issues in an oversimplifying manner. I show that the metaphor (not) doing homework is used to refer to economic issues and has thus become a regular instrument in asserting relations of power and authority in political discourse.
I have also published a chapter where I study the #MeToo hashtag, analysing its regular collocates and the evaluative stance displayed towards it in Twitter discourse across languages. I find that #MeToo seems to be talked about in more negative terms in German tweets compared to English and Spanish, as shown by a qualitative analysis of evaluative author stance.
Along with my PhD student Xiang Huang, I have co-authored an article in CADAAD Journal analysing how Chinese media discourse constructs for itself an authoritative position, educating about obesity as a national health issue. This happens mainly along traditional collectivist lines using war and journey metaphors, but also appealing to more neoliberal, individualist attitudes with financial metaphors.
I have published two conceptual articles, where I reflect on the role of discourse on social media and some discursive structures of exclusion (published in Humanities & Social Sciences Communications) that were apparent during the pandemic in Germany, Spain and other countries. I argue that discursive struggle was often constructed along ideological lines, while the role of class conflict was ignored, which contributed to the social polarisation that was perceived by many across countries (article in Media and Communication).
Blog publications
From soldiers to scapegoats: Why blaming citizens in the pandemic may help extremist parties (4 November 2020, Discover Society)
“While the beginning of the pandemic was marked by warlike discourse, constructing a situation of an ‘all-bets-are-off, anything-goes approach to emerging victorious’, addressing citizens as ‘soldiers’ to rally them together to ‘fight’ the ‘invisible enemy’, the discourses surrounding the ‘second wave’ have little to do with community and more with mutual recrimination. Having left war metaphors behind, politicians, helped by a largely sensationalist media, pit people against each other, identifying particular groups such as migrants, youths or ‘deniers” and placing blame on them for each surge in cases.”
Aus den Augen, aus dem Sinn? (8 April 2020, Der Freitag)
Die Verwendung von „räumlicher“ statt „sozialer“ Distanzierung unterstützt die Illusion, man könne Menschen mittels sozialer Medien nah bleiben. Eine Sprachanalyse zu social distancing.
Les metàfores de guerra durant la Covid-19: un recurs enverinat (7 April 2020, Pensem)
L'ús de llenguatge bel·licita per gestionar la crisi empeny les societats democràtiques envers l'autoritarisme. En comptes de parlar d'un «enemic» que ens ataca, es pot entendre el virus com un procés, semblant a un riu.
Corona, Lockdowns, and civil liberties: why participation and debate is important (20 March 2020, Discover Society)
“As a linguist, for instance, I’m interested in the language used in the current discourse. The corona crisis is interesting in this respect, not just because previously uncommon phrases have entered our daily vocabulary basically overnight (“social distancing”, “self-isolation”, “flatten the curve”), but also with respect to the metaphors used to talk about the crisis. The coronavirus has so far mainly been framed in terms of warfare metaphors.”
Eine Metapher, sie zu knechten (23 October 2018, Der Freitag)
Die Benutzung der Metapher “Hausaufgaben machen” suggeriert ungleiche Machtverhältnisse und ersetzt Debatte durch moralische Verpflichtung. So fördert sie den Populismus.
Editorial Intervention in Translation
When we talk about phenomena of translated language, we usually equate translated language with the language we find in translated books, magazines, newspapers or other such published translations. What we often forget is that in the production of translated documents, there are many intermediate stages such as revision, editing or proofreading where the language in the text is changed, sometimes significantly. While some phenomena like sentence splitting are caused by both translators and editors alike (see my article in Applied Linguistics), I also show in this book chapter that translators and editors are linguistic actors that are guided by noticeably different purposes. On the one hand, they both make extensive changes to nominalisations (see my article in The Translator), which I have shown in this article published in Perspectives to happen especially when the nominalisation is postmodified, for instance by genitive attributes. On the other hand, editors also eliminate passive constructions from translations, especially when the verb is in the past tense (article published in Across Languages and Cultures). With respect to a proposed “mediation effect”, it seems that translating and editing are rather different activities. Thus, I argue for a greater inclusion of unedited texts in translation corpora (see my article published in Target).
This research was funded by the Spanish Ministry of Economy and Competitivity through my participation in the MODEVIGTRAD project (FFI2014-57313-P, 2016−2018).
Frames and narratives of translation and of migration in Europe
This project seeks to advance research on the role of translation as a key mechanism of migration control and on the study of cross-linguistically existent discourse patterns. The main research objectives are
- to identify frames of migration and of translation in contact zones of migration in Spain and Germany, and to investigate whether particular frames can be observed cross-linguistically, which would imply the existence of cross-nationally identifiable discourse patterns or narratives on migration
- to analyse how these frames shape narratives of migration and of translation that are observable in both individual agents working in contact zones of migration and in organisational processes of translation in those zones
While extensive scholarly work exists on how immigration is framed in the media, it is with the recent rise of populism in Europe that the language employed by politicians and echoed in the media is increasingly becoming a pan-European topic of both interest and concern. Conservative parties increasingly adopt extreme right-wing terminology, thus shifting the limits of acceptability further and further towards a xenophobic consensus. Discursive means of manipulation or presenting subjective opinion as objective truths have become frequent strategies.
While the media play a key role in shaping the discourse on immigration and determining which frames are used and perpetuated, much work remains to be done to investigate how particular frames are introduced and established, and especially how this shapes a cross-linguistic, pan-European discourse. Recent calls to fund research within EU Horizon 2020 programme have placed emphasis on the discourse around the concept of migration and its socio-economic effects on host societies, such as distribution and impact of migration, migrant integration and education, or mobility patterns and security risks, among others. However, the centrality of language, and as a result of translation as an act of mediation that allows migrants to navigate their environment and fully participate in everyday life has been ignored. These approaches to the study of migration and its relationship to language are central to understanding migration processes within the European Union from a geopolitical perspective.
The specific objectives to be addressed by this project are:
- to identify through quantitative and contrastive data analysis the most recurrent frames on migration and translation to examine the connection between these two concepts
- to conduct a qualitative analysis of author stance and positioning towards migration in those recurrent frames
- to identify, through ethnographic methods of data collection and qualitative content analysis, public narratives of migration and of translation in the three areas mentioned above, and to evaluate the extent to which frames identified in RO2 shape such narratives
- to establish a connection between narratives of migration and of translation, and evaluate the extent to which such narratives contribute to the use of acts of translation as key strategic tools for control of migration
The Frames and Narratives of Translation and of Migration in Europe (FANTAME) research project is funded by the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities (PID2019-107971GA-I00, 2020−2024).
This project is further funded by a postdoctoral grant from Pompeu Fabra University's inter- and trans-disciplinary Planetary Wellbeing initiative.
Language contact in translation and language change
Translation as a site of language contact can play a role in language change. I'm interested in the effects that the contact of two languages both in the mind of the translator and in that of the reader can have on each other. In my PhD project, I have concentrated on the analysis of parataxis and hypotaxis in English−German translation, which has found some evidence for a diachronic decrease of hypotactic constructions in causal (article published in Languages in Contrast) and concessive clauses (article published in Text & Talk) in translated language, although this trend is not corroborated in non-translated language. As I report in those articles, there does seem to be a trend towards a greater use of sentence-initial concessive conjunctions in German business articles, which may well have been affected by language contact in translation.
Publications
Here is a complete list of my publications sorted by research topic, along with the publication details. To download any paper, just click on the title.
Books
Empirical studies in translation and discourse (2021)
“This volume provides a multi-perspective analysis and produces an exhaustive overview of the state-of-the-art approaches in this quickly developing filed. In reading the contributions to this volume, one is struck by the collection of contemporary studies in the domain of Translation Studies. Avoiding excessive complexity and technicality, this work of scholarship is highly accessible for researchers in related fields. In addition, the chapters of this volume are coordinated in an accessible way to sensitize the targeted reader as well as the researchers to have access to this must-have source. (...) The editor of this remarkable manuscript has succeeded in assembling an intriguing line-up of leading scholars in the domain of translation and discourse.”
−Review in Discourse Studies
Critical Applied Linguistics
The discursive construction of a new reality in Olaf Scholz’s Zeitenwende speech
Critical Discourse Studies
revision submitted
no doi yet
Abstract
This article applies Bakhtinian dialogism and the idea of centripetal and centrifugal forces in struggle to critical discourse studies to analyse how powerful and marginalised discourses are brought into competition in political language to justify paradigm changes. I analyse German chancellor Olaf Scholz’s Zeitenwende (‘watershed’) speech, which he gave as a response to the Russian invasion of Ukraine, announcing a radical armament programme and change in foreign policy, a paradigm shift that had previously been unthinkable in German politics. Based on a qualitative analysis using the Appraisal Theory strategies Attitude and Engagement, I identify how Scholz aligns himself with particular powerful discourses, centring some and marginalising others, to construct an existential threat for Germany and a ‘watershed’ moment, a new situation which casts his policies of German armament as without alternative. I use a dialogic approach to analyse how the speech responds to and anticipates past (already-spoken) and future (not-yet-spoken) discourses, to position itself both in terms of the immediate and the historical function of a policy statement. The paper demonstrates the strength of Bakhtinian analysis of how utterances are shaped by past and envisaged future uses of particular discourses and of dialogically contractive and expansive strategies in critical discourse studies.
Discourse and social cohesion in and after the Covid-19 pandemic
Media and Communication 10(2), 204−213
2022
10.17645/mac.v10i2.5150
Abstract
This conceptual article argues that class is a major factor in the social division and polarisation after the Covid-19 pandemic. Current discourse and communication analyses of phenomena such as compliance with measures and vaccine hesitancy seek explanations mainly in opposing ideological stances, ignoring existing structural inequalities and class relations and their effects on people’s decisions. I approach social cohesion in the Covid-19 pandemic through the theories of epidemic psychology, which sees language as fundamental in social conflicts during pandemics, and progressive neoliberalism, which critiques a post-industrial social class whose assumed moral superiority and talking down to working-class people is argued to be an explanation of many current social conflicts. I argue that these theories construct a valuable theoretical framework for explaining and analysing the social division and polarisation that has resulted from the pandemic. Reducing non-compliance with mitigating measures and vaccine hesitancy to an ideological issue implies that it can be countered by combatting misinformation and anti-vaccination thinking and shutting down particular discourses, which grossly simplifies the problem. The impact that class relations and inequality have on political and health issues, coupled with the characteristics of progressive neoliberalism, may partially explain the rise of populist and nativist movements. I conclude that if social cohesion is to be maintained through the ongoing climate emergency, understanding the impacts of progressive neoliberalism and the role of contempt in exclusionary discursive practices is of utmost importance.
Discursive structures and power relations in Covid-19 knowledge production
Humanities & Social Sciences Communications 8(248)
2021
10.1057/s41599-021-00935-2
Abstract
This article critically examines the discourse around the Covid-19 pandemic to investigate the widespread polarisation evident in social media debates. The model of epidemic psychology holds that initial adverse reactions to a new disease spread through linguistic interaction. The main argument is that the mediation of the pandemic through social media has fomented the effects of epidemic psychology in the reaction to the Covid-19 pandemic by providing continued access to commentary and linguistic interaction. This social interaction in the absence of any knowledge on the new disease can be seen as a discourse of knowledge production, conducted largely on social media. This view, coupled with a critical approach to the power relations inherent in all processes of knowledge production, provides an approach to understanding the dynamics of polarisation, which is, arguably, issue-related and not along common ideological lines of left and right. The paper critiques two discursive structures of exclusion, the terms the science and conspiracy theory, which have characterised the knowledge production discourse of the Covid-19 pandemic on social media. As strategies of dialogic contraction, they are based on a hegemonic view of knowledge production and on the simplistic assumption of an emancipated position outside ideology. Such an approach, though well-intentioned, may ultimately undermine social movements of knowledge production and thus threaten the very values it aims to protect. Instead, the paper proposes a Foucauldian approach that problematises truth claims and scientificity as always ideological and that is aware of power as inherent to all knowledge production.
Cross-linguistic studies of hashtags and metaphors in discourse
Investigating metaphor & representation with corpora
Analysing representation: A corpus and discourse textbook, ed. by C. Taylor & F. Heritage. pp. xx−xx. Routledge
submitted
no doi yet
Abstract
no abstract yet
Applying the Discourse Dynamics Approach to metaphors for women in the Spanish translation of the Chinese novel Wei Cheng
with Li Hongying and Xu Yingfeng
Perspectives
2023
10.1080/0907676X.2022.2164735
Abstract
The Discourse Dynamics Framework (DDF) assumes that the dimensions of metaphor (e.g., linguistic, cognitive, affective, physical, cultural) are interconnected, which facilitates our understanding of the use of metaphor in discourse. However, DDF is not yet widely used in translation studies of metaphors. Moreover, the translation of metaphors for women has not yet received sufficient attention despite its high social value. Therefore, this study applies the DDF to analyse the Spanish translation of the metaphors for women in the modern Chinese novel Wei Cheng, aiming to propose a multi-level model to help us interpret the metaphors and their translation issues in complex discourses. To this end, we proposed three most important systematic metaphors in the data collected and carried out a qualitative analysis of their Spanish translation. They are WOMAN IS ANIMAL, WOMAN IS PLANT and WOMAN IS FOOD. This study shows that DDF can provide insight into the cognitive, semantic, affective and socio-cultural-historical contexts of metaphor translation and how the ideas, attitudes and values they convey in source text are presented in target text.
#MeToo in drei Sprachen: Konzept und Diskursmuster aus translatologischer Sicht im Englischen, Deutschen und Spanischen am Beispiel von Twitter
with Oliver Czulo & Eleonore Schmitt
Deutsche Sprache 23(1)
2023
no doi yet
Abstract
Since 2017, the hashtag #MeToo has been used millions of times, probably mostly with the purpose of drawing attention to sexualised violence against women. It was quickly adopted − often unchanged in spelling - from English into other languages, such as Spanish or German. Using Twitter data from 2019 and 2021, we investigate to which extent there are indications for differences in conceptualisations and discourse patterns between the use in English, German and Spanish. We observe a metadiscourse about #MeToo in all three languages, though to varying degrees, in which the concept is often framed as overstated or even hysterical. Especially in German, we observe a hijacking of the hashtag by the New Right, who apparently aim at establishing the image of specific victim-aggressor constellations (“German” woman, “foreign” man). In addition to the empirical investigation, we draft out theoretical considerations on how the translation of concepts and discourse patterns can be studied translatologically by means of discourse-linguistic and frame-semantic theories.
Is obesity just a health issue? Metaphorical framings of obesity in the People’s Daily
with Xiang Huang
CADAAD Journal 13(2), 18−40
2021
10.5281/zenodo.7352110
Abstract
Obesity has become a major health concern in China, as it is elsewhere, and so health communication on obesity in Chinese discourse deserves more scholarly attention. In this paper, to investigate how obesity is metaphorically framed in the People’s Daily, one of China’s major official media outlets, we use the Discourse Dynamics Approach to identify evaluative positionings towards obesity in 98 obesity-related editorials. Based on our analysis, we posit three groupings of linguistic metaphors in the editorials that frame different aspects of obesity: journey, war and money. Within the groupings, our analysis finds three systematic metaphors surrounding weight-loss, i.e., losing weight is a national journey towards health; losing weight is a fight for national security; losing weight is an investment both at the individual and national levels. All represent obesity and obese individuals negatively and are embedded in specific Chinese sociocultural contexts, jointly framing obesity as a matter of national collective social character rather than just an individual health issue. While journey and war express a collectivist view of the issue, the money grouping seems to indicate a neoliberal, individualist perspective emphasising the maintenance of health as part of citizenship. By comparison, similar stories on health issues surrounding obesity in Western media show differences in their discourse models.
Movement or debate? How #MeToo is framed differently in English, Spanish and German Twitter discourse
Empirical studies in translation and discourse, ed. by M. Bisiada. pp. 113−140. Language Science Press.
2021
10.5281/zenodo.4450085
Abstract
This article examines 1,353 tweets on #MeToo in English, Spanish and German from July and August 2019, revealing how #MeToo is most commonly referred to as a “movement” in English and Spanish but as a “debate” in German, a difference that echoes German-language press habits. Based on an analysis of semantic prosody, the study demonstrates that words indicating longevity such as “era” and “times” collocate with #MeToo in English and Spanish, but not in German. This points to a framing of #MeToo as influential and long-term in English and Spanish and as exaggerated and short-term in German. Reflecting this difference, #MeToo is talked about in more negative terms in German tweets compared to English and Spanish, as shown by a qualitative analysis of evaluative author stance. The study adds to existing knowledge of the power of hashtags for feminist social media activism by highlighting the importance of (cross-)linguistic corpus-assisted discourse studies of hashtags on social media, which helps understand the ways in which anti-feminist discourse taps into the channelling of emotions through hashtags to undermine cross-national women’s movements.
A cross-linguistic analysis of the “homework” metaphor in German and English political discourse
Discourse & Society 29(6), 609−628
2018
10.1177/0957926518802916
Abstract
A frequently encountered expression in political discourse across languages is the assertion that someone has not “done their homework”. As the expression is a combination of structural metaphor and understatement, it is a figurative frame that simplifies public debates by presenting complex issues such as economic reforms as simple tasks and stifles critical and consensual political debates by replacing questions of fairness and adequacy with unquestionable moral obligation. In spite of this manipulative force, metaphor research has paid little attention to this metaphor. I investigate its emergence and pragmatic effects in American and German newspaper discourse through the COHA/COCA and Die ZEIT corpora. Findings for both English and German show that, while the metaphor was originally used for positive self- and negative other-representation, it is now used increasingly often without specifying whether or not someone has done their homework, which is evidence to suggest that it has become accepted in public discourse as a normal way of framing political issues.
Editing in translation
Linguistic profiles of translation manuscripts and edited translations
with Tatiana Serbina & Stella Neumann
Proceedings for the First Workshop on Modelling Translation: Translatology in the Digital Age, 34−45. Association for Computational Linguistics (ACL)
2021
2021.motra-1.4
Abstract
A range of studies have pointed to the importance of considering the influence of editors in studies of translated language. Those studies have concentrated on particular features, which allowed them to study those features in detail, but also prevented them from providing an overall picture of the linguistic properties of the texts in question. This study addresses this issue by conducting a multivariate analysis of unedited and edited translations of English business articles into German. We aim to investigate whether translation manuscripts have a characteristically different distribution of lexico-grammatical features compared to edited translations, and whether editors normalize those features and thus assimilate the translations to non-translated texts. Findings related to individual features are in line with the previously observed phenomena of sentence splitting and passive voice, and a general tendency towards increasing readability. In general, however, no profound effect of editorial intervention could be observed, even though there was a slight tendency of edited translations to be more similar to comparable originals.
Translated language or edited language? A study of passive constructions in translation manuscripts and their published versions
Across Languages and Cultures 20(1), 35−56
2019
10.1556/084.2019.20.1.2
Abstract
Can translated language really be analysed based on published texts, given the many agents that may influence the translator's work before publication? This article seeks to address this question through a parallel corpus study of English business articles, their German translation manuscripts and the published German translations. The objects of study are passive voice constructions. I analyse the frequency of instances where translators used the active voice to translate verbs that are in passive voice in the source text (and vice versa), and whether editors maintained that construction or intervened to change it again. The study finds that translators use the passive voice extensively to translate active voice constructions. Editors intervene often to change such constructions back to active voice. This suggests that translators mainly passivise while editors mainly activise constructions. The tense used in the source text is shown to have an effect on whether these interventions take place or not. The article argues that there is a difference between what translated language actually is and what we find in published texts.
Translation and editing: A study of editorial treatment of nominalisations in draft translations
Perspectives: Studies in Translation Theory and Practice 26(1), 24−38
2018
10.1080/0907676X.2017.1290121
Abstract
Though editing and revising are integral parts of translation, their effects on the language of the final translated text have scarcely been studied. The phenomena we observe in translated text are usually attributed to “the translator”, even though the multitude of agents involved in translation may also be responsible for them to various degrees. This paper defends the use of manuscripts in corpus-based Translation Studies by investigating differences in nominalisation between unedited and edited translations. Using a corpus of manuscript and published German translations of English business articles, I investigate what may motivate editors to replace a nominalisation in the translation manuscript by a verb to match the English source text. For this purpose, I analyse differences in the process types of the nominalised source text verbs and the structure and information density of the nominal group the nominalisation appears in. The findings show that editors exert extensive and systematic influence on the translated text. Crucially, the analysis shows that, if we only consider the published version of a translation, we might consider sentences as literal translations which in reality have undergone a considerable amount of shifts while passing through the stages of translation.
The editor's invisibility: Analysing editorial intervention in translation
Target 30(2), 288−309
2018
10.1075/target.16116.bis
Abstract
Most corpus-based studies of translation use published texts as the basis for their corpus. This overlooks interventions by other agents involved in translation such as editors, who may have significant influence on the translated text. In order to study editors’ influence on the translation product, this paper presents a comparative analysis of manuscript and published translations, which allows a differentiation of actual translated language and edited translated language. Based on a tripartite parallel corpus of English business articles and their translations into German, I analyse translators’ and editors’ influence on grammatical metaphoricity of the text, specifically on the use of nominalisations. One finding is that a significant amount of nominalisation is re-verbalised by editors. The results show that translated language may often be the result of significant editorial intervention. Thus, by just considering source text and published translation, our picture of what translators actually do may be significantly distorted.
Editing nominalisations in English−German translation: When do editors intervene?
The Translator 24(1), 35−49
2018
10.1080/13556509.2017.1301847
Abstract
The work of editors and their influence on translated texts is an under-researched phenomenon in translation studies. We usually attribute the language we encounter in translated texts to the translator, ignoring any intervention that another agent might have made in the production process of the translation. This paper deals with editors’ influence on nominalisation in English to German translation. There is a conflict between language users’ preference in German for a nominal style and the demand by house styles to avoid nominal formulations, based on journalistic presumptions of readers’ aversion to that style. Studying expressions that translators nominalised, I investigate when editors intervene to change those expressions into verbal structures and when they decide to retain the nominalisation. I use a corpus of manuscript and published translations of business articles to differentiate translators’ and editors’ actions. Findings show that editors systematically intervene in the text based on readability considerations. At times, the only change they make is turning noun into verb, especially when function verb complexes or preposition–noun constructions are involved, but often they reformulate the entire sentence. While translators are shown to nominalise a lot more than editors, there are some instances where editors nominalise constructions, again along with significant changes to the sentence.
Universals of editing and translation
Empirical modelling of translation and interpreting, ed. by S. Hansen-Schirra, O. Czulo & S. Hofmann. pp. 241−275. Language Science Press.
2017
10.5281/zenodo.1090972
Abstract
It has been claimed that translation universals are really “mediation universals”, pertaining to the more general cognitive activity of mediating a text rather than specifically translating it. Among those linguistic activities that share the alleged mediation effect with translating are editing and revising. In this chapter, I critically examine the theory of “mediation universals” by comparing unedited translations with edited translations into German and with edited non-translations. The focus is on explicitation, normalisation/conservatism and simplification. The results do not support the notion of mediation universals for the present corpus but rather show that translated texts are recognisable as such even after the editing process. Editorial influence on translated language in this genre is shown to be strongest in terms of sentence length and lexical diversity, where unedited and edited translations differ significantly from each other. Here, editors approximate the language to that of the non-translations, though the unedited translations have a greater average sentence length than the non-translations. That finding does not support the usual observation that translated texts have shorter sentences than non-translations, but highlights the importance of studying editorial influence in translation.
“Lösen Sie Schachtelsätze möglichst auf”: The impact of editorial guidelines on sentence splitting in German business article translations
Applied Linguistics 37(3), 354−376
2016
10.1093/applin/amu035
Abstract
Sentence splitting is assumed to occur mainly in translations from languages that prefer a hierarchical discourse structure, such as German, to languages that prefer an incremental structure. This article challenges that assumption by presenting findings from a diachronic corpus study of English–German business article translations, which shows that sentence splitting has long been common in German business translation, and perhaps because of editorial guidelines, has increased strongly over the course of the 25 years under analysis. A corpus of unedited draft versions and published versions of the same translations is used to show that sentence splitting is also affected by editors where translators did not split the sentence. The evidence suggests that sentence splitting may be a strategy of explicitation in translation rather than a phenomenon triggered mainly in translation into languages with incremental discourse structures. The observed increase in sentence splitting in German may indicate a shift by which meaning relations are increasingly made between sentences using cohesive resources of reference rather than within sentences using grammatical devices such as hypotaxis or parataxis.
Language change through translation
Structural effects of English-German language contact in translation on concessive constructions in business articles
Text & Talk 36(2), 133−154
2016
10.1515/text-2016-0007
Abstract
Studies on a variety of languages have observed a shift away from hypotactic, hierarchical structures towards paratactic, incremental structures, and have attributed this to language contact with English in translation. This paper investigates such a shift towards parataxis as the preferred structure of concessive constructions in German business articles. To this effect, a diachronic corpus method that has been applied to popular science articles in existing studies is adopted and applied to business articles, in an attempt to reproduce existing findings for this genre. This method is complemented by a corpus of manuscripts which allow to control for the effect of editing on the translated texts. Based on the analysis of hypotactic and paratactic translations of English concessive conjunctions between 1982/83 and 2008, I argue that hypotactic structures are indeed used less frequently in translated texts, but that this development is restricted to translated language. In non-translated texts, the use of hypotactic conjunctions has increased. The use of sentence-initial conjunctions, however, does seem to spread in this genre (as was reported for popular science), which may be further evidence for it to be a case of language change through contact in translation.
Changing conventions in German causal clause complexes: A diachronic corpus study of translated and non-translated business articles
Languages in Contrast 13(1), 1–27
2013
10.1075/lic.13.1.01bis
Abstract
This paper contributes to the field of diachronic corpus studies of linguistic change through language contact in translation by replicating Becher’s (2011) study which found a trend from hypotaxis to parataxis in concessive clause complexes of German popular scientific articles, and examining whether a comparable trend can be found in causal clause complexes in another genre. The study draws on a one-million-word translation corpus of English business articles and their German translations, as well as on a comparable corpus of German non-translations. The corpora consist of texts published in two time periods, 1982–3 and 2008. German translations of English causal conjunctions are compared for both time periods to determine diachronic changes in causal clause complexes. The comparable corpus is then analysed to find out whether those changes also happened in non-translated language. While a trend from hypotaxis to parataxis in both corpora can be observed, hypotaxis remains more frequent than parataxis. The study also detects a shift in preference for the causal conjunctions weil, denn and da, which partly causes the decrease in hypotaxis.
Thesis
From hypotaxis to parataxis: An investigation of English–German syntactic convergence in translation
University of Manchester PhD thesis
2013
EThOS: uk.bl.ethos.603111
Abstract
Guided by the hypothesis that translation is a language contact situation that can influence language change, this study investigates a frequency shift from hypotactic to paratactic constructions in concessive and causal clauses in German management and business writing. The influence of the English SVO word order is assumed to cause language users of German to prefer verb-second, paratactic constructions to verb-final, hypotactic ones. The hypothesis is tested using a one-million-word diachronic corpus containing German translations and their source texts as well as a corpus of German non-translations. The texts date from 1982/1983 and 2008, which allows a diachronic analysis of changes in the way English causal and concessive structures have been translated. The analysis shows that in the translations, parataxis is indeed becoming more frequent at the expense of hypotaxis, a phenomenon that, to some extent, also occurs in the non-translations. Based on a corpus of unedited draft translations, it can be shown that translators rather than editors are responsible for this shift. Most of the evidence, however, suggests that the shift towards parataxis is not predominantly caused by language contact with English. Instead, there seems to be a development towards syntactically simpler constructions in this genre, which is most evident in the strong tendency towards sentence-splitting and an increased use of sentence-initial conjunctions in translations and non-translations. This simplification seems to be compensated for, to some extent, by the establishment of pragmatic distinctions between specific causal and concessive conjunctions.
Reviews & unindexed publications
Degrees of European belonging
Discourse Studies 23(6), 794−796
2021
10.1177/14614456211063006
Readability: Text and context
Style 51(2), 257−263
2017
10.1353/sty.2017.0019
Translation: A multidisciplinary approach
Meta 60(3), 640−644
2015
10.7202/1036148ar
Metaphor and intercultural communication
Language and Intercultural Communication 15(4), 616−621
2015
10.1080/14708477.2015.1053176
[R] in Germanic Dialects — Tradition or Innovation?
Vernaculum 1, 83–99
2009
10.5281/zenodo.3549385
Students
I'm interested in supervising research projects that fall within my research interests outlined above, or that pertain to the fields of cross-linguistic and/or corpus-assisted discourse or translation studies, or contrastive linguistics, especially involving German, English, Spanish and Catalan, or interdisciplinary projects that touch on any of those areas.
My approach to supervision is based on an open and friendly relationship on an equal footing. My philosophy is that my students work with me, not for me, and that it is my duty to help them establish themselves as independent researchers in the academic world. I don't impose topics on my students, but welcome and encourage self-determined exploration of their research interests. They are expected to send written work to me regularly during term time, to be discussed in personal meetings every two or three weeks. I don't generally do remote supervision or feedback by email. My students are encouraged to write and submit one or two articles during thesis writing, and I do take the meaning of authorship seriously: I will not expect to be co-author on my students' publications. Potential applicants are invited to contact any of my students to get their opinion.
Here are some research projects I have supervised:
PhD theses (submitted)
PhD theses (in progress)
Traducción de metáforas del chino al español en La fortaleza asediada − estudio basado en un corpus paralelo
Hongying Li, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2020)
Wei Cheng se cuenta entre las novelas chinas modernas más importantes, y contiene una gran cantidad de metáforas interesantes. De hecho, la metáfora puede servir como un portador cultural importante y una herramienta cognitiva en un idioma, y su presentación en otro idioma afectará la comprensión de los lectores del idioma de destino sobre la sociedad y la cultura china. Sin embargo, hasta la fecha, hay poco estudio sobre la traducción chino−español de las metáforas, por lo que un estudio sistemático de una novela rebosante de metáforas será muy significativo para esta cuestión. Este proyecto tiene el objetivo de analizar de manera descriptiva cómo se han traducido las metáforas de Wei Cheng en su versión española La fortaleza asediada. En primer lugar, identificaremos las metáforas de acuerdo con el criterio de MIPVU. En segundo lugar, en función de los fenómenos de la traducción, desenredaremos los métodos específicos de traducir las metáforas y observaremos si muestran una tendencia a la estrategia de “domesticación” o “extranjerización”. En tercer lugar, intentamos encontrar unas posibles correspondencias entre los diferentes tipos de metáforas chinas y sus traducciones. En cuarto lugar, determinaremos los cambios de los dominios de origen y destino de las metáforas en el texto original y el texto de destino desde una perspectiva cognitiva. Por último, analizaremos las razones detrás de estas decisiones de traducción desde el punto de vista del “cotext” y socio-cultural. La originalidad de este proyecto también se puede encontrar en el aspecto metodológico, puesto que demostrará que el MIPVU puede identificar no solo las metáforas chinas a nivel léxico, sino también a nivel sintagmático y textual, el cual será un avance para la aplicación del MIPVU a la lengua china.
Related publications
Li, Hongying. 2022. La traducción inglesa y española de la metáfora EL SER HUMANO ES UN ANIMAL en Weicheng: Un estudio contrastivo desde la perspectiva cognitiva. Estudios de Traducción 12, 163−171.
Linguistic representations of trans identities in the Turkish press: A corpus-based discourse analysis
Seda Karanfil, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2020)
The research focuses on one of the most vulnerable groups in Turkey, trans individuals, and how their identities are addressed by reiterative semantic patterns employed by a selection of mainstream and independent Turkish newspapers. The initial part will scrutinise the system of norms and values prevalent in the Turkish society with a cultural, religious, political and historical approach. Subsequently, the seminal features and functions of the Turkish newspapers, constituent components of the upcoming corpus, will be investigated. Particularly, the discrepancies between the mainstream and independent press will be focussed on, and it is expected that this descriptive analysis will facilitate the comprehension of the Turkish context, which is relatively disparate in comparison to the western one. This qualitative analysis will be followed by a quantitative one. In a narrower sense, a terminological analysis of trans words such as trans individual (which stands for transgender in Turkish), transsexual, trans and transvestite will be carried out by reference to frequency lists, concordances and collocations. The aim of this semantic prosody analysis is to spot the terminological choices frequently utilised by the Turkish press and to discern whether they are represented favourably or unfavourably while negotiating trans identities. In a broader sense, the news articles/reports comprising the future corpus will be analysed by using the social actors approach of Van Leeuwen. The timespan for the selection of news articles/reports is expected to be between 2016 and 2020 regarding the fact that the press and freedom of speech passed to a different phase with the 2016 military coup attempt in Turkey.
Exclusion from discourse and the construction of knowledge in an era of cancel culture: A critical analysis
Wade Raaflaub, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2021)
Cancel culture is the practice, particularly on social media, of criticising and withdrawing support for a public figure after they have said or done something perceived to be inappropriate or offensive, by attempting to reduce the power and efficacy of their fame, popularity or platform. The objective of this research is to study how the discourse surrounding cancel culture informs the underlying power struggles between privileged and marginalised segments of society, and the shaping of Western liberal and conservative ideologies as they relate to matters such as equality, diversity and free speech. In the context of three case studies involving English language media commentary about three public figures criticised for their views on sensitive and controversial topics, the overarching research questions aim to answer how cancel culture has excluded topics, and the expression of particular views and opinions about those topics, from discussion within public discourse, and how cancel culture has influenced the interpretation of what is true versus false, or right versus wrong, and therefore the construction of knowledge about particular topics. Within the framework of critical discourse studies, the methodologies of dispositive analysis and the sociology of knowledge approach to discourse, both in the tradition of Foucault, will be applied. Among the linguistic features to be examined within the discourse surrounding cancel culture are lexical choices, rhetorical devices, and argumentation strategies.
Measuring loss and gain in translation: Another look at translatability
Peter Till, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2022)
The need for translation quality assessment (TQA) has soared along with the need for translation. Teachers assess translation students’ work to determine mastery of the source language and target language. Clients want assurance of quality when they commission a translation to ensure that the translation is worth the cost. But how should translation quality be assessed? In order to avoid subjective opinions, objective evaluations should be used. However, currently there is no empirical method to measure the accuracy of a translation, or even an objective metric that can be used to provide insight into any specific accuracy issues. Consequently, the purpose of this thesis is to establish a method that can be used to empirically measure the accuracy of a translation based on the evaluation of any loss or (undue) addition of meaning features when an expression is translated. Through the use of an enhanced componential analysis, the proposed method provides a numerical value that greatly reduces the subjectivity of TQA. The proposed method will be itself evaluated through a comparison of the results of two groups of linguists that assess the accuracy of a series of translations where one group will be left to their own devices, and the other will be instructed to use the method proposed herein. The implications of the results of this research are far-reaching. Often translation quality assessment is highly subjective, even when based on a solid theoretical framework. Thus, a method that provides empirical results that remove a large portion of subjectivity from the assessment process would allow for more clarity and agreement on translation quality.
Tone tags: The linguistic method for conveying tones from written material on social media
Shahrad Alejandro Ghalili, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2022)
Linguistic representations of presidential inaugural addresses in Taiwan: A corpus-based discourse analysis
Yu Shen Cheng, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2022)
This research project aims at discovering how linguistic representations are constructed in the inaugural addresses by the sixth to fifteenth presidents of Taiwan, Chiang Ching-kuo, Lee Teng-hui, Chen Shui-bian, Ma Ying-jeou and Tsai Ing-wen, according to their executive orders, based on Systemic Functional Linguistics. The inaugurations of the presidents listed above individually present different modern political historical periods, as well as marking milestones in the Taiwanese democratisation process, from dictatorship to democracy. In order to compare linguistic representations according to the democratic timeline, the research project will utilise a diachronic approach to analyse how linguistic representations are constructed differently across time with the intention to understand how linguistic mechanisms such as transitivity and social actor analysis influence the citizens' interpretation of the notion of sovereignty and regime governing the island, as well as the relation between the State and citizenship.
A comparative discourse analysis of how Chinese and Western news reports construct the “trafficking for marriage”
Qianqian Wu, PhD in Translation and Language Sciences (since 2022)
This thesis critically analyses news discourse on the topic of trafficking women for marriage cases in China. The “chained women” case came to light in 2022 and attracted a lot of attention, quickly stirring up discussion and reflection on gender inequality in society, especially among female groups. It was summarised as a symbolic crime of gender violence and was massively covered by both Chinese and Western media. The data selected for this study comes from official Chinese media (People's Daily, China Women's Daily, China News Service, etc.), unofficial Chinese media (WeChat public accounts), and Western media (Washington Post, New York Times, BBC, etc.). Using computer techniques, this study firstly uses a methodology from Critical Discourse Analysis, namely framing theory, to explore how trafficking for marriage was defined and how participants are named and represented in news discourse. It then draws on Discursive News Values Analysis (DNVA) to find if there is a divergence in their use of the news values, to reveal and compare how three kinds of media construct news values through language to achieve their purposes. This study's corpus-assisted qualitative approach and quantitative analysis in combination with the political and cultural contexts are designed to discover the underlying ideologies in the news discourse and the ideological conflicts, which fills a research gap in the comparative study of gender violence crime news discourse from both Asian and Western media. The implications of the power of languages from three directions for the development of women's rights and gender equality in China will be discussed.
Recent MA dissertations
- 2022 − MA in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
- Influencia de las lenguas extranjeras en el léxico eslovaco (Adela Hornanská)
- 2020 − MA in Translation Studies
- How do you meme? La transcreación y la adaptación cultural en memes de internet (Mar Floristán)
- Discurso y biopoder en la (re)presentación de las migraciones en prensa (Javier Rodríguez)
- 2019 − MA in Translation Studies
- Tendencias en la traducción literal de memes del inglés al español (Amalia del Río)
- 2018 − MA in Translation Studies
- Language and style in Truman Capote's Breakfast at Tiffany's − the German translations from 1959 and 2006 (Rebecca Knoll)
- 2017 − MA in Theoretical and Applied Linguistics
- From migrant to migrante: A corpus-based analysis (Gang Yao)
Recent BA dissertations
- 2022 − BA in Applied Languages
- La relació de les dones no heterosexuals amb la paraula lesbiana (Marta Ruiz Llamas)
- 2021 − BA in Translation & Interpreting
- L'alemany i la interpretació a la història (Víctor Bosque)
- 2020 − BA in Applied Languages
- Análisis pragmático-discursivo del humor desde una perspectiva feminista (Georgina Garcia)
- Categorical speech perception in bilinguals: A review on previous research and an experimental proposal (Michelle Throssell)
- 2019 − BA in Applied Languages 2019
- Comparative analysis of stress-shifting pronominal encliticisation in two Menorcan towns (Júlia Florit)
- Una anàlisi prosòdica del dialecte tortosí i lleidatà (Mariona Reverté)
- ¡Que caes el puchero! Verbos inacusativos y su transividad en Castilla y León (Clàudia Martínez)
Talks
Invited talks
Here is a list of events where I've given talks as invited speaker.
Model building in empirical translation studies (TRICKLET workshop)
Meaning, mind and mediation: Why the study of editing is a critical step towards a holistic model of translation
RWTH Aachen, Germany (25 February 2021)
Centre for Translation and Intercultural Studies
CTIS PhD masterclass
A social constructionist approach to studying frames and metaphors in translation
University of Manchester, UK (10 December 2020)
Periodicals and Globalization workshop
“Do your homework on Brexit!” Transnational education metaphors in newspaper discourse
Universität Mainz (Campus Germersheim), Germany (8 May 2019)
4th IATIS International Translator Training Workshop
Cross-linguistic and corpus-based translation studies − Challenges and implications
Uzbek State World Languages University, Uzbekistan (3 April 2019)
ARTIS Training Event: Corpora in translation and interpreting studies
The editor's invisibility: What corpus analysis of draft translations can reveal about the translation product
TH Köln, Germany (26 October 2017)
Formal Linguistics Research Group Seminar
Language change through language contact in English−German translation
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain (11 October 2017)
Features of mediated discourse: A corpus investigation of translated and edited language
Discourse Studies Research Group Seminar
Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain
11 December 2015
Syntactic change through translation: A corpus-based approach to language change
UCREL Seminar
University of Lancaster, GB
10 November 2011
Conference talks
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Linguistic variation across different groups of translated and non-translated texts: Combined effect and individual contributions of lexico-grammatical features
with Tatiana Serbina & Stella Neumann
#MeToo discourses as communities of practice in English, German and Spanish
XIII International Corpus Linguistics Conference (CILC 2022) − Università degli studi di Bergamo, Italy, 2022
Four explanatory variables in an empirical model of translation
with Tatiana Serbina & Stella Neumann
TRICKLET conference − RWTH Aachen, Germany, 2022
Reflections on a post-positivist study of migration and language
Approaches to Language, Migration and Identity 2021 − University of Sussex, UK, 2021
Linguistic profiles of translation manuscripts and edited translations
Workshop on Modelling Translation: Translatology in the Digital Age − University of Reykjavik, Iceland, 2021
Movement or debate? How #MeToo is framed differently across languages
Discourse and Politics Seminar Series 2021 − University of Nottingham, UK, 2021
Movement or debate? Differing discourses on the #MeToo hashtag in English, German and Spanish
Genealogies of Knowledge II: Evolving transnational, transdisciplinary and translational epistemologies − Hong Kong Baptist University, China, 2020
Already a movement or still a debate? Framings of the #MeToo hashtag in German, English and Spanish
Translation in Transition 4 − Universitat Pompeu Fabra, Spain, 2019
The “education” frame as a means to establish unequal power relations and manipulate debates
23rd DiscourseNet Conference (DN23) − Università degli Studi di Bergamo, Italy, 2019
The editor’s invisibility: Changes to nominalisation in the translation workflow
Translation in Transition 3 − Universiteit Gent, Belgium, 2017
“Tsipras’s homework has been thrown back in his face”: A cross-linguistic study of the “homework” metaphor as positive self- and negative other presentation
International Contrastive Linguistics Conference 8 (ICLC8) − National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Greece, 2017
Precision or readability? On the influence of editors in English-German business translation
Meaning in Translation: Illusion of Precision − Riga Technical University, Latvia, 2016
Tracing nominalisation through the phases of English-German translation: A case study of grammatical metaphor
The 42nd International Systemic Functional Congress (ISFC42) − RWTH Aachen, Germany, 2015
Differentiating the translation process: A corpus analysis of editorial influence on translated business articles
Translation in Transition 2 − Johannes Gutenberg-Universität Mainz, Germany, 2015
Language change through translation? Investigating diachronic syntactic change in English–German business article translations
8th International Postgraduate Conference in Translation & Interpreting (IPCITI8) − Dublin City University, Ireland, 2012
Syntactic change through translation: A corpus-based approach to language change
20th International Postgraduate Linguistics Conference (PLC20) − University of Manchester, UK, 2011
The effect of translation on language change: How corpora can advance the debate
7th International Postgraduate Conference in Translation & Interpreting (IPCITI7) − University of Edinburgh, UK, 2011
Teaching
Current teaching
Past teaching
At the University of Kent (January 2012 − April 2014), I taught German linguistics, German phonetics & phonology, German as a second language and Translation between English and German. I also supervised extended year abroad essays on linguistic issues of present-day German.